油菜秸秆还田对水稻增产及供钾的效果
2022-06-09
摘要：在湖北省应城、孝昌、汉川、荆门布置油菜秸秆还田对后季水稻产量及钾素吸收量影响试验，分析油菜秸秆还田对水稻的增产和供钾效应的影响。结果表明，应城、孝昌和荆门三个试验点施钾效果明显，在此条件下秸秆还田（NP+S）比不还田（NP）处理稻谷产量与稻草生物量平均分别增加725和669 kg/hm2，增幅分别为10.21%和8.36%。四个试验点施钾和秸秆还田均可提高水稻地上部钾素吸收量，与NP处理相比，NP+S、NPK（施钾）和NPK+S（施钾配合秸秆还田）处理地上部钾素吸收量分别增加了20.2、48.3和58.3 kg K2O/hm2;进一步分析表明，水稻钾素吸收量增加的主要原因是生物量的增加，而各处理的钾含量差异不显著。种植水稻后各处理的土壤速效钾含量均呈不同程度的下降趋势，但油菜秸秆还田的两个处理（NP+S和NPK+S处理）的下降幅度明显低于相应的不还田处理（NP和NPK处理）。油菜秸秆还田具有提高后季水稻产量和稻草生物量、增加钾素的供应和缓解土壤钾素亏缺的作用。
关键词：油菜秸秆还田;水稻;产量;钾素吸收量;钾素表观平衡
中图分类号：S511;S147.5 文献标识码：A 文章编号：0439-8114（2014）21-5112-04
DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2014.21.015
Effects of Rapeseed Straw Returning on Increment of Yield
and Supplying Capacity of Potassium in Rice
LIU Qiu-xia1，2，DAI Zhi-gang3，ZHOU Xian-zhu3，WANG Zhong-liang3，CONG Ri-huan1，2
（1. College of Resources and Environment， Huazhong Agricultural University， Wuhan 430070， China; 2. Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation （Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River）， Ministry of Agriculture， Wuhan 430070， China; 3. Soil and Fertilizer Station of Hubei Province， Wuhan 430070， China）
Abstract： The effects of rapeseed straw returning on yield and potassium uptaking of rice were studied in the four counties including Yingcheng Xiaochang， Hanchuan， and Jingmen of Hubei province. Potassium fertilization had significant effects in Yingcheng， Xiaochang and Jingmen site. The yield and straw biomass of rice averagely increased 725 and 669 kg/hm2 in the straw returning with treatment （NP+S） compared with no potassium fertilization （NP） with the increase rate of 10.21% and 8.36%. The K uptaking was improved by applying potassium fertilization or straw returning over all sites. Compared with NP treatment， the K uptake increased 20.2， 48.3 and 58.3 kg K2O/hm2， in the NP+S， NPK and NPK+S treatments. The increase of rice potassium uptaking was due to the increase of biomass. The differences of K content were not significant among the treatments. Soil available K content declined in all treatments among the sites after planting rice. The decline was significantly lower in the treatment of straw returning compared with treatments without straw returning. It is indicated that rapeseed straw returning can improve the yield of rice grain and straw， enhance the K supplying and relieve the deficiency of soil potassium.
Key words： rapeseed straw returning; rice; yield; potassium uptake; potassium balance
钾是作物生长必需的大量元素之一，对作物的产量和品质有重要影响[1]。然而我国钾资源缺乏，近年来的钾肥进口量一直维持在500万-600万t/年，进口依赖度达50%[2]。我国缺钾土壤面积日益扩大[3]，湖北省作为典型的油-稻水旱轮作区，水稻田速效钾含量较20世纪80年代也在降低[4]。
2010年我国油菜子产量达1 308万t[5]，油菜秸秆量则可达3 900万t[6]，油菜秸秆富含氮、磷、钾等养分，其中钾素含量尤为丰富[7]。随着国家对秸秆还田力度的不断加大，长期秸秆还田势必成为一种趋势。有研究表明油菜秸秆还田可以降低土壤容重，改善土壤性状[8]。短期内，北大核心期刊目录2014油菜秸秆腐解速率大于小麦秸秆和水稻秸秆，且钾在12 d时可释放98%[9]，由于秸秆中的钾主要以离子态存在，释放的钾素可直接被作物吸收利用。因此，本研究通过选取湖北省水稻主产区开展田间试验，设置油菜秸秆还田与钾肥施用的不同处理，分析油菜秸秆还田对水稻稻谷与稻草产量、钾素含量和吸收量及钾素表观平衡等的影响，研究水稻田中油菜秸秆还田后水稻的增产和土壤的供钾作用，以期为农业资源高效利用及可持续发展提供依据。
关键词：油菜秸秆还田;水稻;产量;钾素吸收量;钾素表观平衡
中图分类号：S511;S147.5 文献标识码：A 文章编号：0439-8114（2014）21-5112-04
DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2014.21.015
Effects of Rapeseed Straw Returning on Increment of Yield
and Supplying Capacity of Potassium in Rice
LIU Qiu-xia1，2，DAI Zhi-gang3，ZHOU Xian-zhu3，WANG Zhong-liang3，CONG Ri-huan1，2
（1. College of Resources and Environment， Huazhong Agricultural University， Wuhan 430070， China; 2. Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation （Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River）， Ministry of Agriculture， Wuhan 430070， China; 3. Soil and Fertilizer Station of Hubei Province， Wuhan 430070， China）
Abstract： The effects of rapeseed straw returning on yield and potassium uptaking of rice were studied in the four counties including Yingcheng Xiaochang， Hanchuan， and Jingmen of Hubei province. Potassium fertilization had significant effects in Yingcheng， Xiaochang and Jingmen site. The yield and straw biomass of rice averagely increased 725 and 669 kg/hm2 in the straw returning with treatment （NP+S） compared with no potassium fertilization （NP） with the increase rate of 10.21% and 8.36%. The K uptaking was improved by applying potassium fertilization or straw returning over all sites. Compared with NP treatment， the K uptake increased 20.2， 48.3 and 58.3 kg K2O/hm2， in the NP+S， NPK and NPK+S treatments. The increase of rice potassium uptaking was due to the increase of biomass. The differences of K content were not significant among the treatments. Soil available K content declined in all treatments among the sites after planting rice. The decline was significantly lower in the treatment of straw returning compared with treatments without straw returning. It is indicated that rapeseed straw returning can improve the yield of rice grain and straw， enhance the K supplying and relieve the deficiency of soil potassium.
Key words： rapeseed straw returning; rice; yield; potassium uptake; potassium balance
钾是作物生长必需的大量元素之一，对作物的产量和品质有重要影响[1]。然而我国钾资源缺乏，近年来的钾肥进口量一直维持在500万-600万t/年，进口依赖度达50%[2]。我国缺钾土壤面积日益扩大[3]，湖北省作为典型的油-稻水旱轮作区，水稻田速效钾含量较20世纪80年代也在降低[4]。
2010年我国油菜子产量达1 308万t[5]，油菜秸秆量则可达3 900万t[6]，油菜秸秆富含氮、磷、钾等养分，其中钾素含量尤为丰富[7]。随着国家对秸秆还田力度的不断加大，长期秸秆还田势必成为一种趋势。有研究表明油菜秸秆还田可以降低土壤容重，改善土壤性状[8]。短期内，北大核心期刊目录2014油菜秸秆腐解速率大于小麦秸秆和水稻秸秆，且钾在12 d时可释放98%[9]，由于秸秆中的钾主要以离子态存在，释放的钾素可直接被作物吸收利用。因此，本研究通过选取湖北省水稻主产区开展田间试验，设置油菜秸秆还田与钾肥施用的不同处理，分析油菜秸秆还田对水稻稻谷与稻草产量、钾素含量和吸收量及钾素表观平衡等的影响，研究水稻田中油菜秸秆还田后水稻的增产和土壤的供钾作用，以期为农业资源高效利用及可持续发展提供依据。